Marilyn Monroes Biography - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 612 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Marilyn Monroe Essay Did you like this example? Marilyn Monroe wasnt always her name was Norma Jean Mortenson. Her father was never around, therefore he was absent throughout her life. She also stuttered a lot in her life. She also had minor plastic surgery done. She attempted suicide in December 1950, after Johnny Hyde died. Now that you know more about Marilyn Monroe lets dig deeper into her life. Marilyn Monroe was born on June 1st, 1926 in Los Angeles, CA. She had foster parents because her dad wasnt around and her mom was struggling. Her mom tried to take her back but she had suffered from a mental break down. She moved between different orphanage homes, that made her shy. At 16 years she married her neighbor, James Dougherty but later on they split up. The school she went to is Van Nuys High School, but she dropped out of high school. Later she went to University Of California and other acting schools. Now we can move in to her adult life since we talked about her early life. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Marilyn Monroes Biography" essay for you Create order She had three husbands in her lifetime. They were Arthur Miller, Joe DiMaggio, and James Dougherty. She made a contract with Twentieth Century Fox. Before her name was Norma but when she signed the contract Ben Lyon suggested the name Marilyn Monroe. She started getting little roles in movies but then in 1952 she got more bigger roles and then she became â€Å"Most Promising Actress†. But later she got fired because of her behavior. In August 5th, 1962 she was found dead with sleeping pills found next to her. Yes she did go to college, she went to University Of California and UCLA Extension. All in all, these are very important things that happened to Marilyn Monroe, now we can move on to how she contributed to society. She was famous for her modeling, singing, and acting. Some of the movies she was in are Theres No Business Like Show Business, The Misfits, Bus Stop, and lots of other good movies. She played sweet, naive, and innocent characters, which she was the first women to do that. She broke the barrier between feminine characters. Now you know a lot more about how Marilyn Monroe was a role model and how shes one of my role models and hopefully she can be yours too! In conclusion, Marilyn Monroe was a great role model, a singer an actress and activist for women. Norma Jeane Mortenson was born on June 1st, 1926 in Los Angeles, California and had foster parents almost her whole early life. Later   on she made a contract with Twentieth Century Fox. They recommend the name â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†. At first she got little roles in movies but in 1952 she got bigger roles. Later she got fired and in 1962 August 5th she was found dead with pills by her side. Marilyn Monroe was a very good role model because she broke barriers for feminine characters. Now that you know a lot more about Marilyn Monroe you can see why shes so famous. Sources Cited Allen, Michael. â€Å"18 Fascinating Facts About Marilyn Monroe – The NonFiction Zone – Medium.† Medium.com, Medium, 8 June 2016, medium.com/the-nonfiction-zone/18-fascinating-facts-about-marilyn-monroe-f074ccd76f2b. com, AE Networks Television, www.biography.com/search?query=Marilyn monroe. Doll, Susan. â€Å"Marilyn Monroes Early Life.† HowStuffWorks, HowStuffWorks, 29 Aug. 2007, entertainment.howstuffworks.com/marilyn-monroe-early-life.htm. Rittenhouse, HannaJo. â€Å"How Did Marilyn Monroe Contribute to United States History?† Prezi.com, 13 Jan. 2014, prezi.com/7vwr54w6m_bd/how-did-marilyn-monroe-contribute-to-united-states-history/. â€Å"Marilyn Monroe.† Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 10 Oct. 2018, www.biography.com/people/marilyn-monroe-9412123. â€Å"Marilyn Monroe Biography.† Encyclopedia of World Biography, Advameg, Inc., www.notablebiographies.com/Mo-Ni/Monroe-Marilyn.html. â€Å"Marilyn Monroe Short Biography -.† Biography Online, www.biographyonline.net/actors/marilyn-monroe.html.

The Influence of Social Class on Communication - 2091 Words

EXPLAIN THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL CLASS ON COMMUNICATION Ways of Determining Social Class The determination of social class is a topic which has been the subject of several studies:- Karl Marx (1818-1883) believed that in all stratified societies, there are two major social groups, a ruling class and a subject class, the bourgeoisies and the proletariat. These relations involve exploitation and domination of one class over another (Haralambos 2000 pg 37) Marx argued that the structure of society was based around ongoing conflict, the more antagonistic the better and he was convinced that Capitalists would collapse under the weight of their own contradiction and would be replaced by Feudalism and Communism. Marxists still believe that we†¦show more content†¦The internet is also a huge communication and information medium widely used by people from all social groups, and is a powerful tool which has opened up advertising on a Global scale The Weberian perspective is that society is multi layered and the approach is different the media cater for different segments socialising information which entertains us along social class lines and targets different groups and products at them The London based advertising agency Young and Rubicam uses a sophisticated system based on cross-cultural lifestyles and aspiration to define the market using Seven Categories ranging from aspirer to reformer covering a broad spectrum of social classes an example of two of these are:- Struggling Poor - dreams of escaping poverty The Aspirer/Dinkies Ââ€" double income no kids yet, lots of disposable income (The Guardian 21/09/1998) The Newspaper Marketing Agency identifies the different demographic profiles of its readers and this is the Weberian way of looking at it they show lifestyle changes and how each paper targets different readers. The Guardian Ââ€" 29Aug-02Oct 2005 Circulation of 404,187 daily, this paper is only viable due to advertisers revenue as certain economic groups readShow MoreRelatedThe Expression Netiquette Is Important Because It Is The Professional Way Of Communication With The World1061 Words   |  5 Pagesstandard rules of conduct† (The Australian Pocket Oxford Dictionary, 1984). Netiquette means showing respectful behavior to users (Prezi, 2017 ANSWER: Netiquette is important because it is the professional way of communication with the world (Knowswhycom, 2017). Online communication is non-verbal, and then sometimes there is no possibility to listen to your voice (Referencecom, 2017. Write your answer in the form of a pretend email to your tutor. 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The central theme in all mass communication models entails the meaning of media contents, which include the images and texts and their influence on the target audience. The perception of the target audience concerning the text and images in the media are what form the basis of these theories. This essay discusses two hypothetical frameworks:Read MoreUnit 1 D2 Evaluate Factors Thar Influence the Effectiveness of Each Interaction1135 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 1: Developing effective communication in health and social care D2 – Evaluate factors that influence the effectiveness of each interaction. In this piece of coursework I will be analysing and evaluating the factors that influence the effectiveness of each interaction in relation to my work experience in a children’s nursery. The individuals preferred language When evaluating factors that influence interactions, in this case the preferred language style was to speak to the nursery children

Transhumanism Controlling Robotics via Implants to the Human Brain

Question: Describe about Transhumanism: Controlling robotic via implants to the human brain? Answer: Abstract Robotics is a part of modern technology that brings out enormous possibilities for human race. In this particular project it will be discussed how robotics can become a part of human life and also with the virtue of robotics a lot of changes can be made in future. In the following assignment it will be understood how robotics can be used in human body as well as in the associate things related to mankind. The need of robotics in human life is also analyzed in this very project. Introduction This particular article is designed to describe the future prospect of emerging robotics technology on different aspects of life. Initially the focus of the paper will be within the sectors that will certainly be affected by the latest technology of robotics. Exploring the social, technological, economical, environmental, political, legal and not to forget ethical concerns of robotics that will definitely have a part to play in the modern era (Domaine, 2006). Its essential to mention that this article is specially based on the future prospective of robotics on the sector of technology (Bramer and Petridis, n.d.). The future of mankind will most definitely become dependent on science and technology. At present, technology is being implemented in most peoples everyday life. However, robotics is one of the most newly developing technologies that can show the world how the human can change their living and how the human can utilize the power of robotics to strengthen their might (Bajd, 2 010). In a single phrase it can be stated that robotics will become one major part of the human if they are able to use this technology for their own interest. As science and technology is gradually progressing, it wont be too far in to the future when new methods of robotics will be introduced to alter the lifestyle of mankind altogether. This future will be completely changed by new innovations that will certainly produce more and more improvements in living. Robotics in technology There are many ways to define how the robotics can be a vital accessory in present technology (Gatton and Kearney, 1989). Robotics is a branch of science that mainly deals with the design and programming of robots and the construction and manufacturing of it. Through the steeple analysis it will be easy to illustrate how robotics has helped to evolve the technology sector. Robotics has certainly played a hand in developing mobile technology to quite some extent from the beginning of the mobile technology (Baillieul, 1990). Mobile technology has progressed dramatically, altering its size, shape, and becoming more practical and fashionable that the mobile phone has become the everyday basic need of the human. Next this robotics has also helped to change internet sector as well. That leads to change the system of information technology. This particular technology also brings revolution in the sector of energy. It reduces the engagement of man power and helps to bring down the costs of e nergy. Added to this, the energy consumption is also reduced by uses of robotics technology. Therefore both the time and money are preserved. Due to uses of this technology the life cycle of the technological instruments has been improved to a large extent and the speed of the gadgets is also improved considerably. All importantly the rate of data transfer is highly grown by using this technology. Most importantly the robotics technology has opened the gate for new innovation. New innovations certainly bring the scope of developments. This technology is used in industry and it has suddenly changed the thinking capabilities of every industry. (Robotics has helped to change both the internet sector as well as the energy consumption)Robotics has brought a revolution in the production of every industry. By the help of a table the application sectors can be shown (Beyer, 2002). Application sector Role of robots How robots will act Defense and security Data accumulator, controlling system by following command Supply information to prepare a plan. Space Gathering knowledge Help the human to explore the universe Rescue and relief operation Gathering the positional status and plan out ways to act Robots can help in search operation where it is almost impossible for human to reach. Education Robots can work as a mentor According to the programming robots can assist a class. Entertainment Robots can work as a mentor According to the programming robots can guide a tour. It Robotics has left a huge mark on the world (Hart and Vlk, 1985). The government has also shown interest in promoting technology in different aspects for various industries, more so that theyve invested in finding newer ways to implement technology. This way robotics becomes a part of every sector in technology. The future is shown through this way. The globe has found a new method that can help in every aspect of life. (A sort of description on robotics for future prospective)Scientists and researchers are certainly moving quite a way in a long process of robotics. The new visions are so terrific that one cannot believe how robotics can change the whole system of working strategies(That is an exclamatory mode of writing that suggests the robotics can certainly change the human living to a certain extent that is way beyond of our imagination). Some examples can elaborate the process in a better way. At present, scientists have invented such robots through robotics that can help hum an to face any kind of physical challenges. The robotic technology mainly based on the programming on a virtual design that can be controlled by human without loss of any energy(That suggests without the help of human effort of human energy loss.). Though it sounds easy, its a long and lengthy process that consists of programmers, programming, codes, devices, techniques, experiments and most of all perfect logic. To obtain a working robot a scientist has to adapt different methods of science (Yes, your point of thinking is absolutely perfect)(Hemal and Menon, 2011). For example, a paralyzed patient can control a robot arm only by the thinking power alone, this results in the patient being able to carry out movement with the aid of a robot arm. Another example can show how one can control the electric devices of his house only by the gestures. In these cases one or more micro chip is used to control the robots. Technology such as the driverless car is a great example of robotics. It works on GPS (Global Positioning System) only. The robot(The driverless car can also be termed as a robot) can find the direction through GPS and acts like exactly how it is programmed (Hamberg and Verriet, 2012). So, there is some demonstration about the working process of robots. Mainly, robotics will make human life more comfortable by saving them time and effort. It also brings accuracy where there is no chance of human errors. It is important to note for better and smooth results the programming has to be perfect and it should be tested completely. Not only is robotic useful for humans, but also it provides certain benefits for every species on earth. There are many aspects still to be discovered. Many pages of robotics are still to be invented but for now it is said that the chances and possibilities in robotics is endless (Kirkwood, 2007). This will bring a new era for science and technology that can be rest assured. Future Prospective Of Robotics The part of science robotics is belonged to possibly have uncountable prospects. (that suggests robotics is belonged to such a part of science that has so much future prospects for mankind in near future).In a decade or two the human race will raise the bar of robotics to such a limit that we can merely speculate on how much the human race will adopt robotics. Many new modules of robotics are presented daily (Young, 1973). Many more are waiting to be presented. If the possibilities remain this way many more new inventions can come along in the future as well. To ensure the research work will go in a smooth way, many companies have taken an approach that no one can even have an idea of what they are working for.(Not exactly, actually companies workers have to be loyal for the company that outer world must not have any idea of the technology they are working with until the project is finished. This is also important that the project materials have to be kept secret for a certain time) In the near future, humans may encounter numerous type of future robotics. A robot or humanoid may carry out life saving surgery by operating on a patients heart within a time frame that a human couldnt compete with. It could be possible to see a programmed robot carrying out its role as a psychiatrist and treating its patients (Zhang, Sugisaka and Wu, 2000). There will be robots that can solve out the mystery of the universe in such way that human can able to travel to different galaxy. It might also possible that a robot can make it possible to allow time travel. So there are many possibilities in the science of robotics. Though some of them seems illogical to quite some extent, through evolution the illogical becomes logical. In general most of the robotic theory is based on analysis. Most importantly the vision is very important. Scientists have tried many techniques to build a robot but most of them do not work out. Still the process will go on (Mori, n.d.). There is so much ef ficiency involved in robotics. Many projects are going on at its best. Future will definitely see a total robot operated industry. Robotics can be used to control the global warming by preserving energy and stopping the excess use of energy.(This is futurology, so you have to think beyond possibilities. For instance, Robotics can be used to reduce the usage of normal sources of energy that is mostly obtained from Fossil Fuels. Therefore less uses of fossil fuel can bring global warming to keep in check) The future of war may change, countries may have automatic defense system that can be controlled by human (Sun, Behal and Chung, n.d.). This would result in wars without loss of life. At present, automated monitory system can become the all robotic surveillance system. The robotic technology is also used to prepare humanoids. Besides, many technical firms have confirmed that by using robotics and genetic algorithm they will able to make snake like module robots which will crawl like snake. These are all futuristic projects that will just a demonstration for the future of robotics. All of these modules will enhance the future prospects of this branch of technology. Added to this many new prototypes will be introduced in near future which can be proved vital for further research on this subject. New prototypes can help the investigation prospect. It can also be a part of human health service equipments that determines the future of medical science. With the aid of new robots, humans can invent more and more scientific designs which will be impossible to make without the help of them. These particular prospects are helping for development of robotics to a certain extent. Probably one cannot be able to think without robotics as it will become an integral part of human life. Clearly, robotics will dominate the future of science as well as the human race. Drawbacks of robotics Though one cannot deny the prospects of robotics, but still there are some drawbacks of it to be discussed. First of all its a very complicated division of science and technology that is especially belonged to a particular group of people who has to be so intelligent to deal with the programs, the codes and the analysis part. Therefore it is very difficult to understand the common people about what work the scientists are assigned for (LoÃÅ' pez, 2005). The involvement of people in this case will be less for this. Furthermore, for the cause of experiments and research a large amount of money has to be invested. Therefore, for every ongoing research work of robotics the flow of capital is a very vital point irrespective of its future prospect. Some of the research can cause a huge monetary damage for a company (Roberts, 1999). There are few other drawbacks too. As robotics is used in industry to manufacture more and more products, the job sectors will surly receive a knock back. M any companies are working with robotic machines which can do the work of many workers, so the labor market has to see jobless claims rising. More importantly, through some researches it is found that the quality of product made by robotic machines is inferior to that of human made things. Also in some of the heavy industry robots are consuming large amount of energy and proper maintenance of robots is needed to work it perfectly. This can also cost a certain amount of money. However to conclude the drawbacks, it should be discussed that by relying heavily on robotic technology to build an easier life for the humans, it may result in losing some of the spirit of hard work and eventually making most of the human race redundant. One must not forget robots can also be a deadly weapon in wars too. Therefore if the robotic technology can be used in destructing way it can probably end the humanity. Therefore, to work with the machines human has to be more ethical and honest to mankind, oth erwise in a click of a button the sign of humanity will be vanished (Naitoh, 2008). It all rests on how human use the science of robotics. Mainly, robots are a prototype of human brain, so it becomes a duty of human that how the robot is programmed. In the near future it could be possible to assign robots with a brain to operate similar to human. However, with these types of experiments scientists have to be more careful. Humans are superior in this planet and they should always dominate robots. The key should be rested in human hand. Conclusion With every invention in this world two possibilities can be found. Firstly, it is used for mankind or secondly it will be used against mankind. Therefore, the human race should be somewhat wary in using the robotics technology. In spite of several drawbacks one can never underestimate the value attached with the robotics for human cause. By using robotics medical science can achieve the top of success so that to the technology sectors (Asimov and Frenkel, 1985). Humans at present are surrounded by robotic technology in some way or form. The future is very clear to mankind so as the possibilities related to robotics, if science and technology can be used for mankind.(As this is a futurology project you can add a few of these) Every country is trying to invent new sort of robotic prototypes which will help in the defense sector, industrial sector and so on. Robotic technology can certainly aid the disable. It can bring happiness and joy to the face of many in difficult situation where human could probably be a mere spectators.(Some of them may be robotics equipments and some of them mostly humanoids) That will certainly help for the cause of humanity (Patel, Honavar and Balakrishnan, 2001). So to the development of robotics it is very important that the government and investors will see the future and help to grow the technology to its utmost pick. The robotics technology is still in its early stages, a long way is still has to be covered. At this very decade the speed of improvement in the particular stream is quite noticeable. Fortunately humans have the power to control robots at its will. The day is not far when every human can see the ultimate power of robotics and certainly can use it to carry out their everyday life. Probably an eye blink would turn off the light and the door will open of a house automatically with sound detection only (Potter et al., 1983). Though these are very nominal examples of future but the world will definitely belong to the age of robotics. References Asimov, I. and Frenkel, K. (1985).Robots, machines in man's image. New York: Harmony Books. Baillieul, J. (1990).Robotics. Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society. Bajd, T. (2010).Robotics. Dordrecht: Springer. Beyer, M. (2002).Robotics. New York: Children's Press. Bramer, M. and Petridis, M. (n.d.).Research and Development in Intelligent Systems XXX. Domaine, H. (2006).Robotics. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. Gatton, T. and Kearney, F. (1989).Automation and robotics in construction. Champaign, Ill.: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory. Hamberg, R. and Verriet, J. (2012).Automation in warehouse development. London: Springer. Hart, A. and Vlk, S. (1985).Robotics. Blue Ridge Summit, Pa.: Tab Books. Hemal, A. and Menon, M. (2011).Robotics in genito-urinary surgery. New York: Springer. Kirkwood, W. (2007). Development of the DORADO mapping vehicle for multibeam, subbottom, and sidescan science missions.J. Field Robotics, 24(6), pp.487-495. LoÃÅ' pez, B. (2005).Artificial intelligence research and development. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Mori, K. (n.d.).Concept-Oriented Research and Development in Information Technology. Naitoh, K. (2008). Engine for cerebral development.Artif Life Robotics, 13(1), pp.18-21. Patel, M., Honavar, V. and Balakrishnan, K. (2001).Advances in the evolutionary synthesis of intelligent agents. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Potter, T., Guild, I., Gower, J. and Myring, L. (1983).Robotics. London: Usborne. Roberts, J. (1999). Development of a 3500-Tonne Field Robot.The International Journal of Robotics Research, 18(7), pp.739-752. Sun, Y., Behal, A. and Chung, C. (n.d.).New development in robot vision. Young, J. (1973).Robotics. New York: Wiley. Zhang, Y., Sugisaka, M. and Wu, X. (2000). Bottom-up development of multicellular digital organisms.Artif Life Robotics, 4(3), pp.143-147.

Sources of Innovation Essay Example

Sources of Innovation Essay Sometimes knowing a field too well can stifle creatively. Answer: True Difficulty: Moderate Page: 2. The organizations structure, routines, and incentives can thwart individual creativity, but not amplify it. Answer: False page: 20 3. Sometimes paying people for suggestions undermines creativity because it focuses their shift on extrinsic motivation. Difficulty: Hard 4. Though a generalist by nature, inventors are specialists In the field in which they invent. Page: 21 5. Innovation often originates with those who create solutions for their own needs. Difficulty: Easy page: 22 6. The qualities that make people inventive do not necessarily make them entrepreneurial. 7. Manufacturers typically create new product innovations in order to profit from the sale of the innovation to customers. Page: 23 8. Firms consider their in-house R to be their least important source of innovation, but still feel it is necessary to possess. Page: 25 9. The most frequent collaborations are between firms and their customers, suppliers, and local universities. Page: 26 10. A complement is a company or individual that produces goods or services that enhance the value of another product. Age: 27 1 1 . The creation of university technology transfer offices accelerated rapidly in the United States after the Baby-Dole Act was passed. Page: 28 12. The Small Business Technology Transfer (EST.) program facilitates partnerships between small businesses and nonprofit research institutions. Page: 29 self-reinforcing advantages. Page: 30 14. Collaborative research i s especially important in high-technology sectors. Page: 31 15. Technology clusters may span a region as narrow as a city or as wide as a group of neighboring countries. Page: 32 16. We will write a custom essay sample on Sources of Innovation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sources of Innovation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sources of Innovation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A cluster of firms with high innovation productivity will discourage other firms from establishing themselves in the same area. Page: 33 17. The degree to which innovative activities are geographically clustered does not depend on the national differences in the way technology development is funded or protected. Page: 34 18. The likelihood of technological spillovers varies across countries. Page: 35 19. A knowledge broker puts existing information to use in new and profitable ways. 20. Research suggests that most innovation is due to the discovery of something fundamentally new. Page: 36 Multiple Choice 1 . Which of the following products would be considered novel? A. A detergent advertises that it can remove spots. B. A company announces it has produced a recreational hovercraft for sale in toy stores. C. A cell phone company announces that it now offers text messaging. D. A college announces it will install artificial turf on its football field. Answer: b page: 18-19 22. Which of the following persons is most likely to come up with a new way of manufacturing socks for a textile company? A. Bill, who has been the mechanic working on the current socks manufacturing equipment for the last 15 years. He ruddy states that he is a true expert on every aspect of these machines. B. Kate, who knows the basics of how the socks are now manufactured and how the machines work, but comes from a completely different background as far as training and experience are considered. C. Frank, who has been newly hired because of his mechanical knowledge, but has no real knowledge or understanding of how socks are manufactured. D. Lisa, who is the Plant Manager and is known as being impatient with her subordinates. Page: 19 23. Which of the following will probably have the least influence on organizational creativity? The creativity of the individuals in the organization b. The organizational structure c. Incentives provided for creativity d. Location of the organization Answer: d 24. The difference between Hands employee-driven idea system (DEEDS) and a traditional suggestion box is that Hands system a. Does not pay employees for ideas. B. Screens ideas for practicality before paying employees. C. Requires those who submit ideas to follow through with the suggestion, overseeing its progress from concept to implementation. D. Only ends up accepting about 10 percent of the suggestions submitted. Answer: c 25. Southeaster Athletic Mats, Inc. Produces gym mats for school and health clubs. The company recently put a metal box near the time clock and asked employees to submit ideas in writing for improved productivity. It offered $10 for every idea it implemented. This is an example of a(n) a. Employee-driven idea system (DEEDS). B. Suggestion box. C. Legal bribe. D. Applied research. 26. According to studies, which of the following tends to be true of prolific inventors? A. Inventors tend to have specialized almost solely in one field. B. Inventors tend to be curious, and question the assumptions made in a field. C. Inventors typically patent and commercialism most of their inventions. D. Inventors tend to interact socially and seek local solutions to problems. 27. The Smith brothers were trying to come up with a new cough drop but Alvin Smith kept saying to his brother, Frank, l really would like to understand more about what makes a person cough in the first place. Frank kept saying, We need to quit worrying about theoretical stuff and Just focus on how to stop the coughing. Which of the brothers is most likely to be a successful inventor? A. Alvin b. Frank c. They are equally likely to be successful inventors d. Neither is very likely to be a successful inventor 28. Which of the following is not true regarding user innovators? A. They have a deep understanding of their unmet needs. B. They have an intention to profit from the sale of their innovation. C. They have an incentive to create solutions for their own nee ds. D. Their innovations can lead to the development of new industries. 29. Susan works for a large chemical company in the Research and Development department. Her degree was in Biology and the company is encouraging her to study the mating habits of various insects to develop a better method of controlling insect image to crops. The type of research Susan is engaged in is called research. A. Basic b. Applied c. Development d. Primary 30. Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps for the science-push approach to research and development? A. Customers express an unmet need, RD develops the product to meet that need, the product is produced, and the Marketing team promotes the product. . Scientific discovery leads to an invention, the Engineering team designs the product, it is manufactured, and the Marketing team promotes it. C. Marketing does research to discover a need, RD comes up with the reduce concept which is refined by engineering, the Manufacturing team produces it, and the Marketing team sells it. D. Manufacturing sees a way to improve a product, RD takes the suggestions and expands on it, the Engineering team redesig ns it, the Manufacturing team implements the change, and the Marketing team sells it. 31 . The demand-pull approach to research and development refers to a. Research and development that focuses on developing products that are expected to increase demand in a particular market segment. B. Research and development that begins by immemorial applications may be constructed from those outputs. C. Research and development that greatly overextends the development budget of the firm. D. Research and development that originates as a response to the specific problems or suggestions of customers. 32. Which of the following is not a source for successful innovation? A. In-house research and development. B. Customers. C. External networks of firms. D. Government funding 33. Organizations that produce products such as light bulbs for lamps, or DVD movies for DVD players are examples of a. Competitors. B. Inventors. C. Complementary. D. Incubators. 34. The president of Mountain Home University has been asked by her board of trustees to set up a mechanism for the centralization of technology developed at the university. Such a mechanism is typically called a A. Business department. B. Centralization office. C. Technology transfer office. D. Loyalty department. 35. According to the text, The Baby-Dole Act of 1980 a. Made the transfer of technology to enemies of America illegal. B. Allowed universities to collect royalties on inventions funded with taxpayer dollars. C. Made it impossible to patent inventions developed at universities. . Made it legal for private 36. Regional districts that are set up by the government to foster RD collaboration between g overnment, universities, and private firms are typically called a. Government alliances. B. Research collaboration areas (Arcs). C. Incubators. D. Science parks. 37. In 2001, Shanghais Municipal Government set aside 13 square kilometers area near the Hung River for university laboratories, and start-up firms in microelectronics, digital technology, and life sciences. It was hoped that the area would foster strong research ability, the development of an advanced technology abort pool, and foster the creation of new industries in Shanghai. This area would best be termed a(n) a. Industry b. Incubator c. Science park d. Knowledge broker 38. Institutions designed to nurture the development of new business that might otherwise lack access to adequate funding or advice are called a. Overspent alliances. 39. The objective of the Small Business Technology Transfer (EST.) program is to a. More fully leverage the innovation that takes place in research laboratories by connecting research scientists with entrepreneurs. B. Help small businesses develop business that have significant innovation capabilities. . To aid technology entrepreneurs by offering them f inancial and advisory services. Answer: a is a regional group of firms that have a connection to a common 40. A technology, and may engage in buyer, supplier, and complement relationships, as well as research collaboration. . Science park b. Regional incubator c. Research collaboration area (RCA) d. Technology cluster 41 . When companies form a technology cluster it often results in a. Greater security among the companies to prevent industrial spying from competitors who are now located close by. B. Less new startups because people who have interest in this industry would prefer to work for an established company. C. A shrinking supply of trained labor due to the competition for the skills needed by the industry among the companies in the area. D. The attraction of other firms to the area. Age: 33-34 42. Which of the following would be considered true about an agglomeration economy? A. Helps enhance proximity in knowledge exchange. B. Helps firms understand the drivers and benefits of clustering for developing a strategy. C. Helps overcome the market failure that can result when a new technology has the potential for important societal benefits. D. Helps firms reap benefits by locating them in close geographical proximity to each other. 43. Which of the following would typically be considered a downside to geographical clustering? A. Firms may have to lower prices on their products because there are many local competitors serving the same market. B. Firms have to spend more on transportation costs for their inputs because suppliers are located far away. C. Firms Firms may benefit by improvements in local infrastructure such as roads and utilities. 44. Which of the following would not affect geographic clustering of an industry? A. The nature of the technology. . The degree to which communication and frequent interaction is required for knowledge sharing. C. Population density of labor. D. Profit margins of a technology firm. Is a positive externally of research and development efforts. A. Knowledge 45. Broker b. Agglomeration c. Technological spillover d. Technology cluster Essay 46. You have Just been given an assignment within your company to design a creativity training program. Describe the elements you would include in the program and explain the rationale of each one. Answer: One element of a creativity training program would be to bring in a miscommunication expert to teach managers how to encourage novel thinking and autonomy through the use of verbal and nonverbal cues. The program might also include exercises that encourage employees to consider simpler representations of a problem to avoid getting bogged down in the details, and develop rudimentary prototypes. The program probably should not entail extrinsic (e. G. , monetary) rewards, and instead should encourage intrinsic rewards such as recognition, giving the employees considerable ownership over their projects, and emphasizing the beneficial impact new solutions have on the welfare of customers.